The success of the Nationalist cause in the Spanish Civil War Essay Example for Free

The success of the Nationalist cause in the Spanish cultivated War EssayThe success of the Nationalist cause in the Spanish civil War was due primarily to the help it received from its remote allies For what reasons would you agree or disagree with this statement?A snapshot of 1936-1939 Britain and France tiptoe round Italys conquest of Abyssinia and their second conquest of the football World Cup. Stalin delivers a constitution, an illusion, distracting from his bloody purges. Austria and Czechoslovakia atomic number 18 devoured into The Third Reich. The Fair Labour Standards Act comes into play in the US fighting recession, and unemployment. The Popular Front of France devises sweeping social changes under the guidance of Leon Blum.In 1937, the 999-teleph single number for emergency services is introduced in the UK. The Empire is falling a classify, and Mahatma Ghandi leads a campaign of civil disobedience against British rule. The Irish Free State becomes Eire, Japan in vades China. Spain has its own problems disorganised parliamentary government a problem single-minded by military rule. Upon its becoming a problem, is saved by farmers, and in turn, by socialists. Yet confusion and deterioration reign and soon the actual ornament of Spain is covered with that which the weather keepnot wash away.No, painting is not make to decorate apartments. Its an offensive and defensive weapon against the enemy-Pablo Picasso, 19451In support of the reasoning that conflicting aid won the nationalists the war, using a chronology full of examples can support this.2 As the war begins, Franco is flown from Las Palmas to Morocco by an unsuspecting British pilot, Captain Babb, who visits General Sanjurjo in Lisbon the previous week. The Nationalist initiative is gained and a week later the rising begins.To apply common-sense investigative techniques to this, intervention doesnt quite begin until both forces make requests on July 20th. Hitler joins with Mussolini in providing transport for Franco and The Army of Africa to cross the Straits of Gibraltar. The importance of this act of intervention in holding the initiative shouldnt be underestimated.Francos Army of Africa, (was) unruffled of foreign legionnaires and Moorish mercenaries perhaps the blood-thirstiest and certainly one of the most professionalised troops at the disposal of any European nation at the time3Within deuce months of German and Italian involvement, Army of African troops were involved in cardinal separate but decisive victories. Under Colonel Juan Yague they were responsible for capturing Badajoz, and thus linking the twain parts of Nationalist Spain. In Alcazar, a besieged garrison of Falange and Guardai were saved from near-certain defeat when troops reclaimed the military academy. An offensive early in 1937 in the S stunnedhern province of Malaga showed the Italian addition was having a definite impact, much better organised than the Republicans defending the city.T he Non-Intervention Committee under the order of Britain put a clamp on France, the only if external power assisting the Republicans after only three weeks. Arms and aircraft ceased from supply, and a week later, the Nationalists mounted a successful engagement taking Majorca, Catalan troops fled, under cover of Jamie I. Surely a note of nationalist planning that ten days later an air onset badly damaged the ship off Malaga by the Straits. Majorca stricken, was thenceforth the base for many of the 660 Italian aircraft set to bomb the Republic through three years. As for the Navy, the Nationalists had few ships.Two heavy cruisers under construction were important in sea battles, weight and direction provided by the purchase of four Italian destroyers, and two Legionarii class submarines from the November of 1936. Italians manned these almost entirely, independence lessened on occasion by the presence on ship of one Spanish liason officer. Twenty-six vessels were over-all involved. expert and logistical support was offered, also from the Germans, to the Nationalist Navy. These ships were used in long and hard convoy warfargon, shore bombardment, blockade and counter-blockade, and they were deadly, as stated below,Despite a common lack of personnel, the nationalist Navy was better organised and commanded, and that would translate into a more aggressive attitude4It is also interesting to note that Spanish ocean construction was monopolised by the SECN5, it largely owned by British firm, Vickers-Armstrong. Almost all ships were designed referring to Royal Navy vessels and many British technical advisors act to work in Spanish shipyards during the course of the war.* * * * * * * * * * *The conclusion is inescapable that the defeat and dying of the Spanish Republic must be attributed as much to British diplomacy in the years 1936 to 1939 as to German aircraft and Italian infantry-Puzzo6Baldwin and Chamberlains 1936 Non-Intervention committee was ab out as succ essful as the rest of their appeasement policy. composition the rules of the NIC were observed by the democracies, they were openly flouted by the dictatorships7 Choking the French aide meant that the Spanish Republics only course of action was to flee into the arms of Russia. Outside of the foreign brigades, the Soviet Union was the biggest supporter of Caballero and Negrins defending armies.Paradoxically, their help was also a hindrance. Stalins opening gestures in the war, and much of the way through, were in their own way a form of appeasement. He had hoped to keep out of Hitlers view for as long as possible. Lee suggests he had been trying to warn Britain and France of the danger the Fuhrer represented, pulling out when it became clear they were no longer interested. Whatever the actual truth, Stalin had not supplied the Republic with enough arms to do the job properly. On October 25th, a substantial part of the third largest gold reserve in the humankind was transferred to Russian hands.The army of Africa while fighting for Madrid, were still occupying Spanish-Morocco without problem, aided by the Moroccan government, who had matched Italys number, sending out seventy-five thousand troops.8 Along another border, Dr. Salazar sent 20,000 Portugese soldiers to assist the generals. Portugal also provided the Nationalists with places to plot during the Civil War, and geographically, a route for the importing of arms and war materials.As touched upon briefly in the paragraph dealing with Russia, an obstruction, which benefited Franco, was the corporate factor. The Texas Oil Company, The Standard of New Jersey and Atlantic Refining, Texaco, Shell all had a berth in a Nationalist victory while the U.S government and its people favoured cosy isolationism9, the corporate face was happy enough to supply credit, but only to the Nationalists, as was the Bank of Westminster Britain had a big foreign investment in Spain ownership of the Pyrite factories and mining operations for an essential ingredient in ammo was another factor leading to its decision to play at tacit neutrality.Demoralisation must have hit hard on the 26th April 1937, when the bloody Legion Condor bombed the towns of Guernica and Durango, and Bilbao fell under heavy artillery bombardment. Hauptmann Werner Molders, an inspired and gifted combat leader and tactical leader and his crew had recently been fitted with brand red-hot Messerschmitt Bf109Cs Ds in July 1938. More than a match for (Russian) Polikarpovs new creations, these fighters were accompanied by 6,000 men, Heinekel 51s and Junker 52 bombers. Eleven aircraft squadrons laying down a landscape of destruction from Guernica to Ebro, and far beyond. With much of the Basque mountain range already taken, the town of tradition was certainly a target, and its status as a communications centre made it more so. The ruthless destruction of people and buildings brought international condemnation and a sense of loss difficu lt to forget through the decades.Clearly, mass influx could be the term applied to foreign assistance in this war. The Republicans were assisted with international brigades while Eoin O Duffys Blueshirts and the young French monarchists joined with the Falange in aiding Franco. There are however a number of other factors connected with the Nationalist victory having little to do with outside involvement. The superior military organisation and structure is one such factor, they possessed a greater number of middle-ranking officers and experienced soldiers.An example of this can be found by studying The Battle of Santander, were General Fidel Davilas forces were vastly outnumbered, but won due to Gamirs soldiers being poorly trained and low on weaponry. Francos armies were better supplied, with imaginative yet solid strategies. His motto, Duty, Discipline and Order. He was detailed not to let one group become too dominant, and successfully united the politically diverse. The advance on the Mediterranean coast successfully golf stroke the Republic in two yet before crossing the Ebro, Franco handled the decisive factor sensibly and allowed his troops time to rest and re-equip. His campaign was one fought with trouble and discretion, confidence and well timed capture of opportunity.In stark contrast, the Republicans were in a state of disunity such was their ideological range, and this is typified by the situation in Barcelona in 1937 and by the civil war within a civil war on the streets of Madrid at wars close. Divisions over the primary objective of the war can only have made easier the nationalist mission.The length of Francos leadership of Spain, his keeping the Republic of World War II through to his good choice of transposition are aspects of evidence of the Nationalist strength outside foreign allegiance. With a view to the statement and the scope of 1936-39 to which this essay refers, I cannot judge. Much of the corporate world acted as if their invol vement was necessary, whilst seeing a Nationalist victory as something of a safe bet. I can neither agree nor disagree with the statement, these facets of fact, are inseparable.To have stopped Francos Army of Africaand its well-trained Civil Guards and police auxiliaries, would have been nothing less than miraculous once it established a strong base on the Spanish main(prenominal)land. That hastily formed, untrained and virtually unequipped militiamen and women slowed up Francos armys advance on Madrid for four months and essentially stopped it on the outskirts of the capital is a feat for which they have rarely earned the proper tribute from writers on the civil war of the past half century10Indeed, for Bookchin has not mentioned that the first rising in Madrid failed on July 1936, and was continually thwarted until the Nationalists entered on March 28th, 1939. The capital Madrid was relentlessly defended time and time again over those three years, with and without foreign aid. Pe rhaps not such a safe bet after all.BibliographyPicasso , Alfred H. Barr (1946)International Brigades, Legion Condor, Spanish Civil War Factbook, www.skalman.nuSpanish Civil War, http//history.acusd.eduThe main events of the Spanish Civil War, www.users.dircon.co.ukSpanish Civil War, www.sispain.orgWarships of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), Author unknownhttp//webforodigital.es/uphm/mgl/buques/spanishcivwar.htmSpain and The Great Powers, 1936-1941, Dante Puzzo ,capital of South Carolina University Press, 1962. European Dictatorships 1918-1945, Stephen J. Lee, Routledge.The Spanish Civil War, Hugh Thomas, Penguin, 1992Roper-Fortune Poll, Janurary 1939, Mach 1939 , reprint.Mastering juvenile World History, Norman Lowe, Palgrave 1997Modern World History Made Simple, K. Perry, Heinemann/London, 1976Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil War Right Versus Left in the 1930sOxford curt Dictionary of Quotations, ed. Elizaeth Knowles, OU Press, 2001.Chambers Concise Dictionary, ed. Catherine S chwarz, Chambers Harrap, 1997Encyclopedia BritannicaHutchinson Encyclopedia- The Millenium Edition, ed. Roger Tritton, 2000World Atlas, European Map Graphics Ltd, 1996This text may be reprinted as the user sees fit. Feedback on its facility is welcome.emailprotected1 In interview with Simone Tery, 24 March, 1945, in Alfred H. Barr, Picasso (1946)2 I have chosen to use a combination of five chronologies along with other materials for greater clearness. The components of this timeline are internet-based, www.skalman.nu http//history.acusd.edu www.users.dircon.co.uk and www.sispain.org, with addition to the chronology from The Encyclopedia Britannica.3 After 50 Years The Spanish Civil War by Murray Bookchin, www.spunk.org4 Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) , Authors name not searched http//webforodigital.es/uphm/mgl/buques/spanishcivwar.htm5 Sociedad Espanola de Construccion Naval aka The Spanish Corporation of Naval Construction, from the same source as above.6 If Im corre ct, this is from Dante Puzzos Spain and The Great Powers, 1936-1941, Columbia University Press, 1962. I got it from pg. 253 of Stephen J. Lees European Dictatorships 1918-1945, published by Routledge.7 That ones direct from Lee on the same page, it just seemed to fit right in.8 Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, Penguin, 19929 Roper-Fortune Poll, Janurary 1939. Its worth noting that the same poll conducted amongst Americans at the end of the Spanish Civil War, the March edition, recorded a preparation amongst readers for war, and their involvement in it.10 After 50 Years The Spanish Civil War by Murray Bookchin, www.spunk.org