Comparing different theoretical approaches for two disabilities Research Paper

Comparing different theoretical approaches for two disabilities - Research Paper ExampleDefinition Dyspraxia or developmental dyspraxia is an constipation or immaturity of the organisation of movement (Dyspraxia Foundation, 2009). It is also known as developmental coordination disorder and clumsy child syndrome. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2001), developmental dyspraxia is marked impairment of motor coordination which significantly interferes with academic achievement or activities of daily living and is not due to a general medical condition. Dyslexia, also known as developmental version disorder is the most common childhood learning disability which primarily manifests in school going children. There is no maven definition that exists for dyslexia. However, those who know about the condition and have worked with dyslexic children are in a position to easily identify the condition. According to the NINDS (2009), dyslexia is defined as a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a persons ability to read. The World Federation of Neurology (cited in British Dyslexics, 2009) defines this condition as a disorder manifested by difficulties in learning to read, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and socio-cultural opportunity. The British Dyslexics (2009) puts the definition as Intelligent, bright or even sharp individuals, that for no obvious reason, struggle to learn through the medium of written or spoken language. Other commonly used definitions include learning fuss characterized by problems with written or spoken language such as reading, writing, spelling, speaking, or listening and congenital disturbance of brain function causing a variety of learning difficulties, especially relating to reading, writing and spelling (British Dyslexics, 2009). Magnitude of problem Developmental dyspraxia is mostly diagnosed in childhood. It occurs in 2 to 5% of children between the ages 5 to 11. It affec ts boys more than girls (Dorset Country Council, 1998). Infact, boys account for 70% of dyspraxic cases. The most important symptoms of dyspraxia are poor motor coordination, clumsiness, lack of movement fluency and the difficulty in cover of motor skills mastered in one setting to another setting. Dyslexia affects about 80% of all individuals diagnosed to be having learning disabilities (Shaywitz et al, 2007). When only dyslexia is present, the condition is characterized by an unanticipated difficulty in reading in otherwise intelligent children who are motivated and have ample learning opportunities considered necessary for accurate and fluent reading (Fisher et al, 2001). The incidence of dyslexia has been estimated to be about 8 to 15% (Earl, 2006). Although epidemiological studies show equal incidence of this condition in both girls and boys, boys are 3-4 times more likely to be referred for reading problems (Tynan, 2006). All dyslexic children share some common aspects enab ling them to be easily diagnosed. The increased awareness of dyslexia has led to more parent and teacher teaching programs, mostly based on multi-sensory learning. Mechanism of disability The exact cause of developmental dyspraxia is unknown. Neurological immaturity is the most verisimilar cause of this condition. Failure of the neurones of the right hemisphere of the brain to form precise pathways during the development of brain leads to lack of accuracy in the instruction of the brain for performing movements (Bowens and Smith, 1999).